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sixth episode

SIXTH BET Tonight
therefore we talk about the propagation, began the Knight. Subject that has always been of great importance, but has even greater today, when the phylloxera forces us to abandon the old methods and instead use other, or completely new or significantly improved from that time who were . I will speak only of what we now can actually affect. And I begin by telling you that the screw can multiply in two distinct ways: by seed and bud. The multiplication by seed, as is well understood that, in using the pips) is used much less in practice than that for growing bud. And I am not afraid to make mistakes if any of you have ever thought of planting a new vineyard ... sowing the seeds!

What perhaps you do not know, this has the effect of sowing of the screw. And that's what I tell you in two words. Multiplying the screw to suit you get a plant that lives will be, but that it could be very different characters in the branches, leaves and fruit of the vine from what it was that hath supplied the seeds. If, for example, you have taken the seeds of a vine of white Muscat, you can get a screw that will give you white grape muscat flavor to it, you can also get a screw that does not even give you any fruit. Understand that it would not be pleasant for you. And that is what the wine you like practical, not to expose themselves these unpleasant surprises, do not ever use the propagation by seed. This does not mean that this kind of propagation has no utility will not matter.


On the contrary, it is now used on a large scale by scientists and industry, in some certain purpose. If in fact the sowing of new varieties easily screw us, it is not impossible that these new varieties may have special qualities, even more than the lives of mothers. Of course, so at random to sow the seeds of the screws, it will be difficult, unless he had a great chance, you manage to get yourself something really good, but no way to increase the probability successful, using a special practice, which is the artificial hybridization. What is this artificial hybridization? E 'operation whereby we fertilize the pistils of the flowers of a particular vine, a vine with pollen of other varieties or species. We make a cross and that is the product of this cross we call hybrid.

For what purpose does this hybridization is artificial? In order to bring together in a single screw the merits of the screw that acts as a mother and one that makes a father. More precisely, is now seeking to obtain artificial hybridization with a perfect life, possessing all the virtues imaginable: complete phylloxera resistance, resistance to fungal diseases, adaptation our land, including limestone, fruit plentiful and of good quality without the graft. As you can see the goal is attractive! And that is what the late 1800's many scholars of good will are fervently hybridization data of the lives and sowing of the products obtained, thereby creating an extraordinary number of new varieties. These vines are really good?

The objective sought by breeders has been reached? As I said last night. Something has been promising, but the goal was certainly not yet touched. Anyway, tonight we have said to speak of the various systems of propagation, and therefore is not the time to stop to examine the results of the crossing. I shall merely observe that it is not certain that the seed multiplication which will be used by you in practice, and for that I do not stop talking about it, but go ahead. The multiplication gem is really that interested in the practical growers. Unlike the previous example, this feature has to play exactly the character of the mother plant. And this is the property that makes it so valuable in practice. When I say

multiplication gem but I understand many different types of propagation. In all s'utilizza a piece of branch provided with one or more stones, whence the name of propagating to bud. Let's look at the main. One of the most important is the scion. For this we mean simply a piece of one-year shoots with two or more gems. If completely missing the old wood, the cutting is said ordinary, if the base of the cutting is a piece of wood instead of two years, more properly named the cutting of mallet. The first form, however, is the most used. And it is certainly the most popular way of propagation: Any advice about these cuttings will not be so useless. First: the cuttings must be chosen carefully. Given that, said com'ho be perfectly reproduced in all the characters of mother plant, we understand how this plant amounts to mother is excellent in all respects.

This choice is always best to do it before the autumn, when the screw vegetation best suited to the examination. The cuttings should be made with healthy shoots, shoots well, it very big nor very small. The cuttings should be rather short than long. Their length depends on the nature of the soil in which they should be planted: it depends on the length of internodes. In fresh soils, where moisture is not defective, the cuttings must be very short: just two buds. We understand that if gl'internodi are very long, even with only two gems will also cutting a length quite remarkable. However, should always be as short as possible. If the cuttings are not can plant it as soon as detached from the vine should be well preserved.

The best method is to keep them fresh and healthy in a cellar, buried in the sand well washed and slightly damp. If you must measure of this outside of your country, be very cautious in buying, especially trying to rely on an honest person, not giving v'imbrogli vine cuttings weak or sick, or different from the variety you want. Not only that, but when you buy the cuttings, and you can not have certainty that they come from certain places untouched by phylloxera, subject them to a good disinfection before planting in your land. This disinfection can be done safely and easily by immersing the beams cuttings in a container with water at a temperature of 55 ° C., and facendovele remain for 5 minutes. You just have to do so in a good thermometer, and the operation will proceed without difficulty.
Difficulties may sometimes have to take root cuttings of some species of vine. There is a creeper, the Berlandieri, which is famous for its reluctance to put down roots in cuttings. And 'this is a problem that can embarrass. The best is that you avoid dealing with this difficulty and allow the multiplication of the screws by cutting reluctant to which resources and knowledge to be able to do. However, in most common cases you may facilitate the engraftment of the cuttings, besides keeping them over winter in layered sand slightly damp, shelled and lightly twisting the base of the cuttings themselves. Prepare them for cuttings and now time to use them, you can follow two paths: either you can plant them directly in the vineyard that you want to be, that is, do the planting at home, or you can plant them in a special land, intended only to make root cuttings, transforming in small plants such as rooted cuttings, that is, do the planting in the nursery.

I must say that in most cases today, the second method is preferable. But I must also add that, since the lives of Americans, today is also more common case of not planting cuttings as such, but to engage first with our own grapes. And what we will talk soon. I do not mind so now the nursery, because I prefer to talk about when we will deal with these grafted cuttings. Instead I'll say something on another form of propagation for gem, which was of great importance in the past, but now is finding applications less frequently because of the outbreak of phylloxera. I allude to the outcrop. The difference between this layer and consists in the fact that the gap in the spur of the branch from the mother plant is only after the emergence of roots.

The simplest is the offshoot offshoots of the ordinary, which is only a branch of one year nell'incurvare within a small pit dug at the stump, and bury a part of it protrude from the ground ends. In this way, come out from the buried portion of the roots and shoots from the outermost land, so that, one year after severing a branch in the ground, you will get a new screw. This form of propagation was used to replace a lot of time in the vineyard of the failure rate, either because they died, or because of false, that is of a different variety from the one you want. Then went to bed a nearby branch of the vine and s'otteneva so a new plant. This usually was done in the fall. In some places they used and still uses a kind of strangest offshoot: the provanatura. Its purpose is to obtain not only lives, but different, you can fill a void most of the vineyard.

that end, the entire vine is lying in a ditch, from which you do not check that the ends of the various branches, arise at the points where you want the screws. Today, however, the phylloxera tends to disappear these forms of propagation. And of course. If we buried our local branch of a vine, this will give the roots that will not resist the attacks of the phylloxera. So the new screw that will surely get more or less condemned to disappear soon. If you then planted a vineyard on foot, do some American vacuum, to fill there is nothing to do but replant a new American lives. Actually there would be some other form of offshoot, which might find such discrete applications. I allude to the multiple layers that serve to get many young people with a single branch or vine cuttings. Typical in this regard, the ramifications of China, which is obtained by lying under the ground in the spring by a shallow dimple, and a meter long or more, a branch of a tree stump nearby. Since each node will win a bunch of roots, and bud on a shoot, so on that autumn will find many small branch viticelle. But in complex forms are rarely used. One form of multiplication by gem that has yet today is of enormous importance in viticulture for the graft. But the hour is late, and will abide by the best the next morning.

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FIVE BET
Here I am to speak of remedies against phylloxera, began without a doubt the Cavalier Prosdocimo. You can well imagine if the growers, having the appearance of the scourge that seemed to disappear until the last screw, remained inert without groped to oppose any obstacle to the evil! Fact is that soon gave in to experience the most unique and different remedies. The number of remedies so tempted soon reached an astonishing figure. Imagine that, to stir the desire of the inventors, s'aggiunse a trifle prize of 300,000 lire, promised by the French government to those who have discovered a sure remedy for phylloxera.

I hasten to say that so far no one has caught the prize. This does not mean that remedies against phylloxera not any. The answer is that nobody really does that: that is to kill the insect without damaging the screw. Only means that it is used today to destroy the phylloxera and carbon disulfide, a yellowish liquid, smelly, which is injected into the soil, is certainly capable of killing all fillossere contained therein. Unfortunately, when used in large doses, it kills the screws. Therefore, carbon disulfide, as a method of treating phylloxera vines is not adopted. Serves well to smother new infections are discovered, because in this case is injected into the soil with special primers, in doses of 300 gr. per sq. .. S'uccide everything: fillossere and screws, but meanwhile it slows down the movement of the enemy.

Actually, in moderate doses, carbon disulfide could also work towards healing as a method: that is, so do not have to kill the vines. But this method has found few applications because not all land can give good results, and because it imports a considerable annual cost. Other methods were attempted to combat phylloxera. Been thought of drowning, submerging the land of phylloxera vines for two or three months to year end. But even this method can be used everywhere, because of course it is necessary that the land is perfectly flat and should have plenty of water.

We have seen that in some vineyards consist of almost pure sand, phylloxera is not alive. It been thought to plant the vines in these soils. But even this is a remedy that can find very few applications. So how to protect themselves from phylloxera? I tell you in two words: with the American vines. America brought us misfortune, America must give us the remedy for his penance. From the beginning of the discovery of phylloxera in Europe, had paid attention to the fact that in America many of the wild vines of the forest stand very well to the attacks of phylloxera: rose so even then the idea of \u200b\u200busing these screws resistant to cultivate our vineyards instead of the homegrown, who succumbed to the attacks of the parasite. But do not expect things to be processed with ease.


On the contrary, the way soon showed itself fraught with difficulties, and sprinkled with unexpected obstacles, of surprises. It took the tenacity and perseverance of the scientists that they had entirely devoted to this enterprise, namely to save the European wine industry by phylloxera, to succeed. I will not bother you here in the history of American viticulture. But I'll mention it briefly while the main difficulties met and meet at every step in this field. I begin with the most severe. The American vines resistant to phylloxera, unfortunately, have the characteristic of ....... not produce grapes, or at least not to give it a grape of some value to the table it for the cellar. So, what would cultivate these vines? Behold, these vines can get very precious to us, on them when we gear our European varieties, cultivated for many centuries for the quality of their products.

We will then have to screw the American root stock resistant to phylloxera, and the European part above ground, and able to give us some good grapes. Herein lies the essence of modern viticulture: grafting of vines on homegrown American vines. But because this may well succeed you must heed a variety of circumstances. First, we need claw creeper that we choose to fit the graft with screws homegrown. Now this is more or less depending on the vines: for we have those who behave very badly in this respect, therefore, will naturally be discarded. It is also necessary that the American lives it fits the ground We want to hear that we cultivate. Another difficulty to overcome this very serious. It is therefore necessary to study well the nature of our soil and then choose the one that most American lives it fits. About

ground, it should be noted that most of American vines that are suitable for our purpose to defend by phylloxera, shows a great sensitivity to the limestone. You certainly know that many of our soils are rich in this material, similar in nature to rubble, and that fact is called limestone. In these soils the vines thrive excellently homegrown, almost all American vines are rather uncomfortable, and sometimes fail entirely to vegetate. Soon, they show a yellowing of leaves and a general decay, ie show who has a disease called chlorosis. You understand that it is serious, because you jump from the frying pan into the fire.

Fortunately today we know some American vines that adapts well to our limestone soils, but for that I said that one needs to study well the nature of the land where we plant a new vineyard: To avoid surprises anything but happy, not to be forced, as were the winemakers who first resorted to the American vines, to start afresh after a few years. It is worth adding that in addition to Badar graft adaptation to the soil, should always keep in mind the strength of the American phylloxera vines you choose. In fact, we should not have to believe that all American vines resist the attacks of the parasite. The common Isabella Grape or strawberry, you all know there just under the name of American lives, as we come from there, in no way resistant to phylloxera.
too, like the screws from our own, but is destroyed by this insect. Other American vines resistant to phylloxera somewhat; other enough, others well. Here is another essential feature to consider in choosing the American vines. As you see, is not something to be taken lightly. And since when does a 'system of a new vineyard s' plans that it has to last as much as possible, so you must be extremely careful in choosing these American grapes. It will be very appropriate that you will poniate in the hands of good conscious that argument, and you follow his advice. Save time and money.

At this point the Provost asked to speak. The Knight hastened to let him speak: I'd like to know from you, what ever are the ones I've heard that American vines are resistant to phylloxera and both are productive of good grapes. I understand what it is, "replied the Knight, are the so-called direct producer. Since it was decided to use the American vines in response to phylloxera, it was thought if you could get the screws at the same time resist the parasite without graft and gave a product comparable to that of the screws homegrown. The problem is certainly interesting and enticing. Fact is that many talented scientists set about to solve it, especially through artificial hybridization.

will talk at another time of this practice: now let's just say that, by dint of work, I am come to obtain directly, ie without the graft, many varieties that resist phylloxera enough and give a certain product. But I said "enough" and "fair." So do not yet have reached their goal. The safe resistance to phylloxera, the greater goodness of the product have not yet obtained together in one variety. This does not mean that there is some direct producer worthy of being cultivated. But this convenience is only in special cases, as we shall see. In most cases you will agree instead to use American vines really resistant to phylloxera, and impress upon them homegrown ones. It would be necessary now that I speak a bit 'of this insertion. But since I take care of the other ways to increase the screw, so forgive everything to another night. Just this once, and go to bed.