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I just now begin the Cavalier Prosdocimo, that because "every good dance stove", as the Venetians say, if I do not want to bore you all need to see that this will end soon my chatter: And then I decided to reduce to a minimum as still I would say to you, leaving everything that is not absolutely necessary to know.
There is, however, a topic which I will not give up, because it's already been too much neglected to date, and is so important for wine-growing: the argument of the supports of the screw.

may seem strange that the supports have a great importance. And indeed it would be strange if I wanted to say that what with the supports are to significantly increase the production of the vine. But I want to say almost the opposite: that, since backups are not too directly affect the production of the vine, so it is very important for us to find ways to reduce them to a strict minimum, thus saving on every minute spent on this .
Once this matter was of little importance: the vineyards were not very large, very large and were instead the woods, the lumber was cheap and plentiful then. Today, on the contrary are scarce in the woods and vineyards abound. If you add that timber today is new and most important destinations in special industries, if you add that to the cost of labor required to implement and maintain the order the same support, we understand how important it is today, again, to find ways to to economy in this part of the budget wine.

To
economy, we must first choose the cheapest support. Do not think that supports the cheapest are the ones that cost less. Also support that you pay very dear Possoni succeed very cheap, when their high cost is offset by a long duration. Therefore, in general you should try to increase the duration of support. Let us see what ways.
Here I should first make a bit 'of distinction between the various supports, and should begin to distinguish live from dead ones. Let's not talk about the living, that is the trees which marries the screw (which is always the best maple) to limit how quickly forces me to those deaths. These can be of wood or of another material. Those wooden poles can be of various species: black locust, willow, chestnut, oak, elm, pine.

one word on one of them: the black locust or false acacia. And it's a word of praise for this plant, as useful as modest. I wish you the coltivaste more than facades. I often see the edges of land unused: embankments and slopes of roads, embankments of canals, the banks of rivers or streams abandoned, because of their unpopular views of the water. Here are many land to be allocated to black locust. It's content with so little. Certainly, on the gravel beds of a river will not give such brilliant results as good farmland, but precisely because that otherwise would not have anything, the black locust becomes valuable.
were saying, then, should try to prolong the life of these poles, which as you know is always more or less brief. I do not intend to talk about all the processes designed for this purpose, I'm happy to recall certain ones.

good way is to spread the portion of the post that has to go underground, with the coal tar or even better with the carbolineum. These substances prevent water from entering the land of the poles and make them rot. Good thing, since the large end posts, every two or three years, displacing at the soil surface, clean and dry the stretch near the ground, and then brush with hot tar or pitch, because it is precisely this first section that is underground, which is more susceptible to mold damage and the weather.
A great way to prolong the duration of the poles is then to let them suffer a bath of copper sulfate to the 3 or 5 per cent. Dipping This bathroom, located within a basin of stone or concrete or even wood and left for a week (or if they are too long, is that they must dip first on one side, then the other, left him for a fortnight ), it soaks completely of copper sulphate, which, being a powerful antiseptic, preserves them well to alterations.
A similar treatment with copper sulfate to 3 per cent, is also useful for increasing the length of the barrels.

You know that the barrel is one of the most popular support for the screws, because really many advantages. And that is what hath been often recommended to their wine piece of cane, as the dowry of the vineyard. The board is certainly good for free from the need to buy the barrels on the market, paying sometimes very expensive, but today I would not give it more of a security with the same time, because the barrels are no more, as they were then, in My thanks. They, in fact, on the plus side, they have several drawbacks. First, having a robust necessarily limited, must be used in great numbers, which, besides increasing the cost of the material, makes it the highest annual expenditure of manpower PEL rehabilitation of the rows of scaffolding. Moreover, they are the perfect place for pests to the screw, and especially the pupae moths of the grape. Now, you understand that it is unreasonable to provide our enemies of the comfortable neighborhoods where the winter. So I wish that the use of canes in vineyards go increasingly smaller.

Moreover, even the wooden poles which was mentioned earlier, crack over time, offer to many insects and welcome shelters. And that is what, especially abroad, they banned from vineyards van, van and replacing it with support of other kinds.
Among these, iron plays an important role. Actually, we also iron is widely used today in the form of wires of various size. And 'no need for me to come here to demonstrate all the great utility of the wire to support the vines. Now there is growing region that has not progressed widely adopted. It indeed gives a behind the vineyards remarkable strength combined with an admirable lightness and simplicity.
E 'hardly necessary to recall how you have to use galvanized iron wire or galvanized to prevent rust. Since, however, copper sulphate, used to combat blight, ends with the removal of the zinc coating, so take some unnecessarily incatramatura of these threads. You know that they are measured with gauges of different numbers: the lowest in the vineyards the most widely used is 14. E ' feel good as to give the backs a good solid mind, the wires are taut. This s'ottiene easily with the use of special tensioners, some models are very good to very good purpose.

Today, however, the wire is also being used to make poles for vineyards. The shape and size of these piles vary widely: they are T or L, or round, full or empty, often ending down with a plate which serves to better secure them to the ground and another time instead implants itself into a socket stone or concrete. Sometimes, in order to give greater strength to the posts of head of the rows, arming you with arrows, also in iron, inclined inwards the row. Certainly, these iron poles are excellent, because sturdy, slim elegant, and, if kept well painted, long-lasting. The only drawback, a bit 'serious it is true that they have, is very dear cost. And that is what in Italy is still not widespread, but they are much more in Germany, where the iron is cheaper than us. Knowing, however, get some iron material used can be achieved very substantial economy. Especially well suited in this regard are the iron pipes of old steam boilers, which can have a good condition from the arsenals, by tram company, etc.. And so it is good that the wine know.

then today is a material that is gaining increasing sympathy for the many advantages, it is concrete. The great advantage of the piles of concrete is what can be built on site by the same growers, with a saving of expense.
What is needed to build the concrete posts for vineyards? First a wooden mold, which can be poplar od'abete, held closed by screw bolts, internally and well greased with tallow. Of course, the mold must have the form we want to give to the post. One of the best is that of two truncated pyramid set against the larger base. One of the two pyramids will shorter and more squat: it is one that needs to be underground, the other, longer and thinner, he'll be above ground. The equipment required for the construction of the pile is made up of a good cement mortar Casale slow-setting, mixed with twice or twice and a half of river sand, well washed, well kneaded together with a little water (about 15 parties on percent of mix sand / cement) and three iron bars of 4 or 5 mm in diameter. One begins to roll out the mortar in the mold, compressing it very well with a special iron mallet, then spread over the mortar two dots, then another mortar is poured, it is compressed, there is the third rod, and you finish filling the mold Malta, always squeezing, not excessively.

After 48 hours, the stakes can be extracted from forms. We leave first harden up some horizontal boards, lightly spraying twice a day. Then he stands on end against a wall, and leave for a month. After that you can plant. It is helpful to observe that, since you can not put nails in them, so it is well built, leave holes at the points where you must pass the wire. To leave these holes, just drill hole through the mold and, while filled with mortar, pass the hole for a wire, turning it on itself repeatedly, then pulling it out. The size of
these poles of course vary depending on the effort that they must exercise. Vineyard low overall height varies from m.1, 60 to 2.50, the thickness of 8 to 12 cm. the larger base.

I said that these poles have many good qualities. Constructed by the same grower in the winter when jobs are few, are to cost much less than the iron posts (generally not exceeding one pound each), they are no less resistant to these long-lasting, just when you avoid strike them violently with work tools (plows, picks, hoes). They, too, such as iron, have the advantage over those of wood not to give shelter to the insects and, most they provide solidity at the back of the rows, to greatly reduce the annual cost of rehabilitation of the shoulder line. Here, then, as well as in terms of support, the winemakers have something to learn and little to no progress. After that, I point this evening and send you to bed everyone!