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So far we have spoken, my friends, began the tireless Cavalier Prosdocimo of transactions that are made around the plant. We must now also worry about what needs to be done to the land on which our vines are located. The soil of the vineyard must be maintained in good condition with two categories of transactions: with the work and fertilizing. Tonight we'll talk about first. Work on the soil of the vineyard can be vital: those who are planting, and we talked about: Or they may be common: they are the ones that are made annually. And we take care of them now.

useless I show you that the soil of the vineyard must be worked: even our grandparents knew this, and you also know this: However it will not be out of place to mention (because someone heard him speak on occasion, you may be enthusiastic in inappropriately) that in recent time has gone here and there a curious theory making its way, so the vineyard should not be processed. And 'what has been called the lack of culture of the vine. Some have said and therefore claimed that the vineyards are better than non-manufactured products. Good thing ... .. if were true: Too bad .... this is true often enough! Mind you I did not say that it can not be true because I would not give anyone the impostor, but I said that too rarely quest'incultura can really be a good idea: And here is what I do not think it is appropriate to go into details in this regard. As you may concern, I therefore repeat our old: a good grower should well work the soil of his vineyard.

But now hasten to add that today the wise grower must find ways to get away but his vineyard with the least expense. And here I repeat what has been said and you know well: value, which seems to go waning, grapes and wine, the wages that van always growing workforce. ... But I will not get lost in conversation, and I get to the facts.
We must say that, in general, a good working vineyards import a first job, deeper than the others (but not too much, as once thought: enough, in northern Italy, nine inches), to be done in autumn or the beginning of winter. A second work, medium deep, to be done in the spring, before the flowering of the vines. A third work, the more superficial than others, what to do in the summer, before the grape changes color.

There is talk of how to perform this work in practice: these are things that you can teach me. But remember how often you do this work or tucked undermining the screws. Now, on the convenience of those tilling the screws and earthing up the views are quite different. I must say that these differences are due to very different purposes that these operations may aim according to the place.

So, for example, in warm climates for the most part the screws will undermine tucked in autumn and spring. Why? Why it's raining down there especially in winter, and want, with the tilling, accumulating more water than is possible at the foot of the screws. In the northern countries Instead you usually tuck in autumn and barefoot in the spring. Why? Why so the screws are better protected from the cold, and because the groove, which is to remain in the middle of the row, it prevents the water from rain or snow to stagnate at the foot of the screws. But if I tell you my opinion in our countries of the hill, where the cold is not exceptionally cold winter, where there is fear of excess moisture around the screws, I see no need to undermine it or to tuck. Just work the land equally and not to seek unnecessary complications.

Another point discussed about the work of the vineyard, is the opportunity or not to make it work deep. In recent times, after the current pro-ignorance of the vine, has run a different way for expressing so-called culture surface. To tell the truth, this seems to gather more sympathy and seems even more worthy of attention. They believe, therefore, the partisans of the culture surface, which works deep in the vineyard do more harm than good: And this mainly because they are almost inevitably to damage many of the shallow roots of the vine roots that are important to the normal development of plant.

and instead work surface, these roots would be met, while the other part of the surface soil of the vineyard is expected to remain in good condition. Who is right? Even here, much depends on natural conditions of the locality in question. However, in general, can be considered if this crop surface may be lucky and cool northern climates, where moisture is not lacking anything, it just will not adapt to hot climates where drought is frequent and prolonged. Under these conditions, the work will be those best placed fairly deep into the soil to store a sufficient supply of water.

But when it comes to work at the vineyard, however, there It must have taken a topic that today in most consideration: what is the mechanical ground as possible to save labor costs, and then growing. This saving will be all the more remarkable how much more work will be able to replace human labor of animals. To make this substitution, it is first necessary that the conditions of the vineyard allowing the work of animals, we understand how this can not usefully be applied, where the vineyards are on hills too steep or rough, where the soil is rocky, where, above all , the rows are too close together, so the animals can not work freely. That's why I said, nights ago, which today is generally more convenient than a long wine-growing subsidiary in herbaceous plants: why, forcing to enlarge gl'interfilari, makes it possible, or at least easier, working with the animals.

But it is also desirable to have the appropriate tools for the job. Until a few years ago, you could say that the only known and used for this purpose was the plow. And you all know those aratrini light by vineyards, with ear fixed or mobile, that are easily pulled by a horse or a mule and they do a decent job. In addition to these common plows, but now we know different tools, or better, machines for working the soil of the vineyards. Among the best, I remember the horse-hoes: machines equipped with a varying number (usually five) of blades arranged in parallel rows, so that they can work a strip of land large enough, so much to do one or two trips to work all a row in a vineyard intensive. Because just a poor animal to drag, they do a very cheap labor, rather shallow, it is true, but suitable for spring and summer, when the work that you claim more than anything else is to maintain the soil surface loose and free from bad herbs.

addition to real horse-hoes, you know other machines that do a different job: the so-called grubbers, cultivators, etc.: all designed to make work very anxious and somewhat superficial. And finally, we remember another class of instruments, still little known in Italy, but already quite popular abroad, where attention is paid, the more that we do not believe, the economy of working. You know that when you work the soil of vineyards with a plow (and pretty much the same can be said for the other tools I mentioned) is always a strip of land more or less wide under logs, that the instrument cultivators can not be processed, and must instead be completed with human labor.

Now, obviously what the loss of part of the benefit of working with animals. It was therefore designed to build some tool capable of working with animals, this strip of land. In France, these instruments are known for different types: the most interesting are certain kinds of plows (which the French call Charrues dé-cavailloneuses, because they say cavaillon that certain strip of land), able to go right under logs, without damaging the same. So far, as I said, these tools are not yet widespread in Italy, but I remember I have them there, because I think it would be worth a try and studied by our growers. And I conclude on this work the vineyards: therefore we believe that it, in our regions is needed, the more profound when the climate is arid, but never to the point of having to damage the roots of the vine.

And as far as possible, we try to replace the working with the workers that with animals, because in this way not just to reduce the cost of cultivation of the vineyard. Good night, gentlemen.