FIVE BET
Here I am to speak of remedies against phylloxera, began without a doubt the Cavalier Prosdocimo. You can well imagine if the growers, having the appearance of the scourge that seemed to disappear until the last screw, remained inert without groped to oppose any obstacle to the evil! Fact is that soon gave in to experience the most unique and different remedies. The number of remedies so tempted soon reached an astonishing figure. Imagine that, to stir the desire of the inventors, s'aggiunse a trifle prize of 300,000 lire, promised by the French government to those who have discovered a sure remedy for phylloxera.
I hasten to say that so far no one has caught the prize. This does not mean that remedies against phylloxera not any. The answer is that nobody really does that: that is to kill the insect without damaging the screw. Only means that it is used today to destroy the phylloxera and carbon disulfide, a yellowish liquid, smelly, which is injected into the soil, is certainly capable of killing all fillossere contained therein. Unfortunately, when used in large doses, it kills the screws. Therefore, carbon disulfide, as a method of treating phylloxera vines is not adopted. Serves well to smother new infections are discovered, because in this case is injected into the soil with special primers, in doses of 300 gr. per sq. .. S'uccide everything: fillossere and screws, but meanwhile it slows down the movement of the enemy.
Actually, in moderate doses, carbon disulfide could also work towards healing as a method: that is, so do not have to kill the vines. But this method has found few applications because not all land can give good results, and because it imports a considerable annual cost. Other methods were attempted to combat phylloxera. Been thought of drowning, submerging the land of phylloxera vines for two or three months to year end. But even this method can be used everywhere, because of course it is necessary that the land is perfectly flat and should have plenty of water.
We have seen that in some vineyards consist of almost pure sand, phylloxera is not alive. It been thought to plant the vines in these soils. But even this is a remedy that can find very few applications. So how to protect themselves from phylloxera? I tell you in two words: with the American vines. America brought us misfortune, America must give us the remedy for his penance. From the beginning of the discovery of phylloxera in Europe, had paid attention to the fact that in America many of the wild vines of the forest stand very well to the attacks of phylloxera: rose so even then the idea of \u200b\u200busing these screws resistant to cultivate our vineyards instead of the homegrown, who succumbed to the attacks of the parasite. But do not expect things to be processed with ease.
On the contrary, the way soon showed itself fraught with difficulties, and sprinkled with unexpected obstacles, of surprises. It took the tenacity and perseverance of the scientists that they had entirely devoted to this enterprise, namely to save the European wine industry by phylloxera, to succeed. I will not bother you here in the history of American viticulture. But I'll mention it briefly while the main difficulties met and meet at every step in this field. I begin with the most severe. The American vines resistant to phylloxera, unfortunately, have the characteristic of ....... not produce grapes, or at least not to give it a grape of some value to the table it for the cellar. So, what would cultivate these vines? Behold, these vines can get very precious to us, on them when we gear our European varieties, cultivated for many centuries for the quality of their products.
We will then have to screw the American root stock resistant to phylloxera, and the European part above ground, and able to give us some good grapes. Herein lies the essence of modern viticulture: grafting of vines on homegrown American vines. But because this may well succeed you must heed a variety of circumstances. First, we need claw creeper that we choose to fit the graft with screws homegrown. Now this is more or less depending on the vines: for we have those who behave very badly in this respect, therefore, will naturally be discarded. It is also necessary that the American lives it fits the ground We want to hear that we cultivate. Another difficulty to overcome this very serious. It is therefore necessary to study well the nature of our soil and then choose the one that most American lives it fits. About
ground, it should be noted that most of American vines that are suitable for our purpose to defend by phylloxera, shows a great sensitivity to the limestone. You certainly know that many of our soils are rich in this material, similar in nature to rubble, and that fact is called limestone. In these soils the vines thrive excellently homegrown, almost all American vines are rather uncomfortable, and sometimes fail entirely to vegetate. Soon, they show a yellowing of leaves and a general decay, ie show who has a disease called chlorosis. You understand that it is serious, because you jump from the frying pan into the fire.
Fortunately today we know some American vines that adapts well to our limestone soils, but for that I said that one needs to study well the nature of the land where we plant a new vineyard: To avoid surprises anything but happy, not to be forced, as were the winemakers who first resorted to the American vines, to start afresh after a few years. It is worth adding that in addition to Badar graft adaptation to the soil, should always keep in mind the strength of the American phylloxera vines you choose. In fact, we should not have to believe that all American vines resist the attacks of the parasite. The common Isabella Grape or strawberry, you all know there just under the name of American lives, as we come from there, in no way resistant to phylloxera. 
too, like the screws from our own, but is destroyed by this insect. Other American vines resistant to phylloxera somewhat; other enough, others well. Here is another essential feature to consider in choosing the American vines. As you see, is not something to be taken lightly. And since when does a 'system of a new vineyard s' plans that it has to last as much as possible, so you must be extremely careful in choosing these American grapes. It will be very appropriate that you will poniate in the hands of good conscious that argument, and you follow his advice. Save time and money. At this point the Provost asked to speak. The Knight hastened to let him speak: I'd like to know from you, what ever are the ones I've heard that American vines are resistant to phylloxera and both are productive of good grapes. I understand what it is, "replied the Knight, are the so-called direct producer. Since it was decided to use the American vines in response to phylloxera, it was thought if you could get the screws at the same time resist the parasite without graft and gave a product comparable to that of the screws homegrown. The problem is certainly interesting and enticing. Fact is that many talented scientists set about to solve it, especially through artificial hybridization.
will talk at another time of this practice: now let's just say that, by dint of work, I am come to obtain directly, ie without the graft, many varieties that resist phylloxera enough and give a certain product. But I said "enough" and "fair." So do not yet have reached their goal. The safe resistance to phylloxera, the greater goodness of the product have not yet obtained together in one variety. This does not mean that there is some direct producer worthy of being cultivated. But this convenience is only in special cases, as we shall see. In most cases you will agree instead to use American vines really resistant to phylloxera, and impress upon them homegrown ones. It would be necessary now that I speak a bit 'of this insertion. But since I take care of the other ways to increase the screw, so forgive everything to another night. Just this once, and go to bed.
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